Concluded research projects, 1991-2003

Neighbourhood effects - studies of the effects of segregation
(1999-2003, funded by SFR and FAS (Swedish council for working life and social research))

Production and reproduction of immigrant-dense neighbourhoods -
a dynamic approach
(Funded by Formas, the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, 2002-04)

A Matter of Luck? The Youth and the Swedish Housing Market


In the first half of the 1990s I initiated two different projects that aimed at studying different socio-spatial aspects of the new refugee dispersal programme that had been initiated by the Swedish government in the mid-1980s. The first of these two projects ("Integration and segregation in Swedish municipalities", funded by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities) problematised one of the underlying presumptions of the new dispersal programme, namely that the dispersal of refugees lacked importance for (alternatively improved) integration processes. The project also involved the first comprehensive Swedish study of ethnic residential segregation done by Scandinavian geographers. The project resulted in two dissertations (Irene Molina and Andreas Sandberg, the former is now a senior lecturer at IBF, Uppsala university, and Sandberg is now at the National Board of Integration). In the list of publications, no. 2, 5 and 8 are connected to this project.

The second of the projects dealing with the dispersal programme was called "The Geographical and Social Mobility of Immigrants - the Impacts of the Whole of Sweden Strategy" (funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation). This project focused on the secondary migration of refugees, in particular on the movement from rural to urban areas and from North to South in Sweden. The project involved analyses of the relation between geographic and social mobility from an ethnic perspective. This project resulted in one dissertation (Mekonnen Tesfahuney, now lecturer at the University of Karlstad) and several research reports and articles). In the list of publications, no. 4, 7, 10,11, 17, 24 and 28 are connected to this project.

In the mid-1990s, I received the responsibility as a national coordinator for a European Cost Action ("Civitas": "Transformation of European Cities and Urban Governance". Besides taking part in the management committee of the action, I was active in one of the three working groups that were set up ("Fragmentation, social cohesion and urban governance"). My research input here came from a research project launched by myself and two senior colleagues at the Department of Social and Economic Geography in Uppsala (Mats Lundmark, now professor at Örebro university, and Brita Hermelin, now a senior lecturer at the University of Stockholm). The project was called The Urban Geography of the Service Economy (funded by the Swedish Social Science Research Council, HSFR 1997-1999), and the project represents a first attempt to systematically and comparatively study economic, demographic and social restructurings in the three metropolitan regions of Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö). Due to the economic downturn in the early 1990s, resulting in heavy job losses, rising unemployment, increasing social polarisation and segregation, we focused most of our attention to these negative developments, which much affected the social and economic situation for the immigrant population in the metropolitan regions. Like in the above-mentioned projects, we have based our empirical research on comprehensive longitudinal, individual data, where (in this project) the entire population of the metropolitan regions could be followed over time and localised to specific neighbourhoods and workplace areas.

This database is called GEOMETRO and it has been used for a large number of different empirical studies, some reported in research reports but many also in book chapters and as articles in journals. In the list of publications no.15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 34, 37 and 40 refer to this project.

Parallel to this I took part in the efforts to launch another international project, connected to the MOST research programme "Partnership for Multiethnic Inclusion" (directed by Steven Vertovec (at Warwick university, UK). Aleksandra Ålund (now at the university of Linköping at Campus Norrköping) directed the Swedish part of the programme. The project was inspired by the Metropolis initiative (see www.metropolis.org), an international network initiated by the Canadian government to promote relations between researchers, policy-makers and practioneers within the field of immigration and urban development. The Swedish project deals with many aspects of the local integration efforts that have been launched in several large housing estates in Stockholm (labour market integration, segregation processes, school development, cultural strategies etc; more information at http://www.norrnod.se/pfmi. Our primary focus was placed on four estates: Kista, Rinkeby, Tensta in north-western Stockholm And Jordbro in Haninge municipality, located in the southeast of the capital region. The Swedish government (Office of Metropolitan Affairs) funded the project and the geographical part was run by Irene Molina (Dept. of Social & Econ. Geography, Uppsala University) and myself. The local network, comprising planners and local municipal organisers in the neighbourhoods, has been useful not only for conducting our empirical research but also for organising study trips for students at different levels. In the list of publications, no.15, 27 and 31 refer to this project.

Although the geographical part of PfMI has finished, our cooperation within the network continues both with the researchers and the local municipal staff in the neighbourhoods. The same housing estates continued to be in focus in some subsequent research (UGIS and RESTATE, see below).

Burgeoning Sweden - studies of labour recruiting in expansive businesses, industries and regions, from an ethnic perspective
(1999-2002, funded by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and involving prof. Mats Lundmark, Örebro university and Dr. Brita Hermelin, Stockholm university as senior researchers)

Project aim and rationale
In the project outlined here, our points of departure were a few insights that we consider self-evident:

First, there is a significant body of knowledge about inadequate ethnic integration in Sweden, not least through the research that has been done and/or summarised within the framework of recently disbanded government fact-finding committees (The Immigrant Policy Committee, The Housing Policy Committee, The Urban Committee). Therewith, we have an excellent picture of the scope of inadequacy, but not always of its causes.

Secondly, indications are that the public policy goals which currently have widespread (if not general) support (economic growth, more jobs, tax cuts, ethnic integration) will not be attainable if the exclusion of the immigrant population from the labour market persists. The Swedish Association of Local Authorities estimated in a recently completed study that 30 percent of the labour force between the ages of 20-44 will be made up of people of foreign background in just over ten years (Year 2010; The Advantage of Diversity). Large portions of the corresponding category today have an employment frequency below 50 percent and even though many are still engaged in basic education, retraining, or Swedish language instruction programs, a significant change in the labour market will be required to eliminate the current exclusion. The Swedish Labour Market Board's recent report concerning the ethnic dimension of employment indicates only a very modest improvement for non-Scandinavian immigrants, despite the more favourable general employment situation that has now existed for some years.

Thirdly, two current discourses that are essentially parallel, the debates on economic growth and on integration, must be better integrated politically and with respect to research if any progress is to be made. Economic policy-wise, the problems must be audited nationally, regionally and locally. With respect to research, there are insufficient empirical grounds to clarify the connection between growing companies/organizations and the ethnic aspect of labour force recruiting, despite several important contributions in Sweden and abroad. In our opinion, it is the latter area that the Geometro database, combined with certain complementary register data and adjoining case studies, could provide very valuable knowledge regarding the prospects for ethnic integration in "burgeoning Sweden."

The fundamental precept is that if the tremendous infusion of (actual and potential) new labour brought to Sweden through immigration during the 1980s and 1990s cannot be successfully integrated in the growth segment, prospects for integration may be nearly non-existent. Therefore, the aims of this project are to theoretically and empirically advance the knowledge about labour recruitment patterns in growing industries, and to do this with particular emphasis on the ethnic/racial dimension. Focus on the burgeoning Sweden, on labour recruiting in growing companies, industries and regions is in our opinion a valid research strategy.

Research strategy and sub-studies
The research strategy is explained here through a review of the project's three sub-studies.

Sub-study 1

Our fundamental hypothesis, which on the surface may seem self-evident, is that growing companies/organizations, industries and regions are more inclined towards integration than those in stagnation and regression. The hypothesis gains certain support in the completed Stockholm study and the study of the public sector, but there is international research that problematises it. For instance, Mollenkopf and Castells showed in their study of the restructuring of the New York region during the 1970s and 1980s that ethnic minorities could increase their rate of employment in many declining industries and cut employment in certain growth industries. This is possible in a situation of increased ethnic division of labour in the labour market. There is no given connection between the general development of a particular trade or industry and the outcome for ethnic minorities.

In Sweden, where there is no traditional division of labour on ethnic grounds according to category of trade or industry, there is reason in our opinion to uphold the basic hypothesis of such a connection. To examine the hypothesis quantitatively, supported by the Geometro database, is the primary aim of the project. Secondary aims of the first sub-study include a detailed survey of the capacity of different kinds of organisations, wherein employment is expanding (public/private, demand for highly educated and qualified labour or for less qualified labour), to integrate various segments of the immigrant population (according to age and sex, education, geographically, residence in neighbourhoods with heavy or sparse populations of Swedes, central/peripheral position in relationship to growing industries). These surveys are linked with established hypotheses on a growing matching problem between supply and demand for labour and the geographical dimension of matching, e.g., that the present labour market should grow within the areas of urban regions of a "whiter" nature with more middle-class households. Studies of urban regions show that they encompass a number of small-scale labour markets that coincide to a great extent with residential neighbourhoods.

Sub-study 2

The definition of growth is not wholly undisputed. Without entering into that discussion here, we want in this project to empirically examine the integration aspect based on two definitions of growth. The main interpretation was discussed above, i.e., our focus on jobs growth. This measurement is not only easiest to quantify, it is also the most pivotal in discussions of the integration of the immigrant population. As a complement to this, we want to carry out a register-based special study of one category of growth companies, which has been defined by NUTEK. The aim of this subproject is to study labour recruitment in companies experiencing rapid economic growth. One premise of this sub-study is that growth companies are not obviously the kind of companies that can best correspond to the demand for jobs for those who have the most difficulty in the labour market. To what extent do companies that are growing in the economic sense offer new jobs for groups that are particularly vulnerable in the labour market (e.g., immigrants, youth, women, the poorly educated)? What categories of labour are recruited in rapidly growing companies? Do personnel for rapidly growing companies have to be recruited from a wider geographical area, with increased commuting as a result? Are personnel turnover and mobility more extensive in growth companies than in other companies?

The questions will be illuminated based upon a population of growth companies that can be linked to the detailed, individual-based data to which we have access through the Geometro database. The intent is to allow the group of growth companies generated by the National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK) to form the study population. In the study of growth companies carried out by NUTEK, 1,831 companies have been defined as having undergone particularly rapid growth between 1991-1995 (i.e., essentially the same period for which we have data in the Geometro database) based upon the following criteria: (1) the business must have been active for all years, with minimum net sales of SEK 0.5 million and at least one employee during the last fiscal year; (2) the company must have doubled its net sales during the study period; (3) the company must have had net sales of at least SEK 25 million for the last fiscal year; and (4) growth must have occurred organically, i.e., not through acquisitions, reorganizations or mergers. Certainly, growth companies are found in all size classes, industries and regions, but the majority are relatively small (fewer than 50 employees) and there is overrepresentation in the retail trade, electronics industry and IT-related services. There was a net increase of 36,000 jobs in these companies during the studied period.

Sub-study 3

Secondary data and register studies can yield very valuable information, particularly if they include the time dimension. However, they cannot provide answers to many of the restriction hypotheses on ethnic integration that occur in research and in public discourse. This include notions of "statistical discrimination," meaning that in times with severe imbalance between the number of available jobs and the number of applicants, the employer tends to relatively summarily reject the majority of applicants, since the cost of recruiting would otherwise become far too high. According to the hypothesis, this should mean that typification (including prejudice) occurs more frequently and that employers believe that it takes far too long to assess people from other linguistic and cultural spheres (thus, an information problem). Needless to say, other hypotheses include the idea that most immigrants lack adequate social networks for acquiring information about available jobs outside the traditional paths of government unemployment offices and that they far too seldom can be recommended by friends and acquaintances. Finally, there are hypotheses centred on widespread racism/discrimination on ethnic grounds. The latter is not contradicted by the observed hierarchy in the labour market (least participation for Africans, West Asians and other non-Europeans), but the hierarchy may also have other partial explanations (brief time in the host country, no relevant education, etc.).

These three hypotheses (statistical discrimination, inadequate social network, discrimination) all require other research strategies than those chosen for sub-studies 1 and 2. Consequently, in the third sub-study we want to do a series of case studies of organizations in which employment is expanding. The case studies are aimed at answering questions surrounding the recruiting process itself and will be carried out through interviews of personnel recruiters, union representatives and new employees. The majority of labour recruiting research in Sweden and internationally has been done by behavioural scientists, who are seeking answers to questions different from our own, although a relatively recently concluded project, mainly carried out by the Lund researchers, and one earlier study by Paulsson and Schierup, have given meaningful economic-sociological insights into the recruiting process from an ethnic perspective. Commissioned by the former Labour Market Ministry, Berenz and Delander have also reported an interview study of employer recruiting behaviours. In Broomé et al, the demands of the new economy for networks and intimate collaboration are interpreted as a major cultural impediment for immigrant labour, although there is some hope given that new growth requirements in an internationalised economy could also favour precisely the specific competence possessed by immigrants. Within our subject of social and economic geography, there is a tradition of recruiting studies that have most often dealt with labour force recruitment within larger individual organizations, frequently with an explicit geographical (migration) perspective.

For more information about the research output, please contact Dr. Brita Hermelin at the Department of Human Geography, Stockholm university.

Identifying models of good practice in refugee dispersal and concentration
(funded by the European Community)
Official homepage: http://ralph.swan.ac.uk/refugeedisp/

An international team of senior academics and Research Assistants from the University of Wales Swansea, Uppsala University, Sweden and Amsterdam University, the Netherlands undertook the project "Identifying models of good practice in refugee dispersal and concentration". Although some dispersal policies in European countries have been evaluated by academics, this is the first project that makes cross-national comparisons with the aim of consolidating knowledge and identifying models of good practice.

The project was funded by the European Community as part of its wider interest in refugee integration, specifically the EU Networks on Integration of Refugees project.

Context
Popular opinion in Europe has, until recently, denied that the continent has any real role in the contemporary global refugee crisis. However, the growth in the number of spontaneous refugees seeking entry into the EU, and the decision to resettle quotas of expellees from the Former Yugoslavia throughout Europe has made such an opinion untenable. As the public has struggled to adjust tot he fact that Europe is now a generator as well as a receiver of refugees, there have been clear signs of a 'moral panic' about immigration in general, and refugee immigration in particular. Partly as a response to this growing 'moral panic', and associated fears of social instability, many European governments have chosen to intervene much more actively in refugee resettlement. One example of such interventions is the way in which many countries now seek to engineer desired spatial distributions of refugees through dispersal policies. Dispersal policies are not new, nor are they confined to refugee groups (see the Caravans Act in Britain), but they can be applied much more aggressively to refugees because they arrive in new countries without full knowledge of their legal rights and with a sense of obligation to their new host societies.

Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK have all experimented with dispersal, and with different form of dispersal. In some cases, these different policies have been evaluated by academics see Summaries of Previous projects but no previous work has attempted cross-national comparisons with the aim of consolidating knowledge and identifying models of good practice.

Project Objectives
The project brought together three leading national authorities on issues of refugee resettlement with the aim of:

1. Identifying current knowledge about refugee dispersal policies in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden, summarising it and making it available to the widest possible audience.

2. Making international comparisons of why and how dispersal policies have been implemented, and critically appraising their impacts.

3. Identifying models of good and bad practice in refugee dispersal, and making grounded recommendations about how future dispersal policies might be implemented.

Project Outcomes
The findings of the initial position papers of the researchers was combined into a written final report with a comprehensive annotated bibliography of literature on dispersal/concentration in the three countries. Both of these documents will be available on the project´s website. The findings will also be fed directly into the EU Networks on Integration of Refugees project (formerly ECRE Task Force on Integration) and will be available to relevant government departments. The publisher Policy Press printed our book and it was released in May 2003. In the list of publications no. 30, 45 and 46 have relevance for this project.

Urban development programmes, urban governance, social inclusion & sustainability
(Denna information finns för närvarande endast på engelska)
Official homepage: http://www.ua.ac.be/main.asp?c=*UGIS

Research Tasks addressed:
Key Action 4: City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage (1.1.4)
(4.1.1 Improving urban governance and decision making)
(4.3.1 Revitalisation of city centres and neighbourhoods)
And
Key Action: Improving the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base (1.4.1 4)
(Task 3: Challenges to European Welfare Systems)

The starting point of this proposal is that during the last decade all over Europe programmes have been established with a view of combating urban problems and/or stimulating urban dynamics. These programmes have been set up in a new policy-making context, that of urban governance, the development of which they often have stimulated.

The objective of this project is threefold. First, we will analyse to what extent these urban development programmes have succeeded in promoting social inclusion and urban sustainability. Compared to former definitions of the problematic in terms of 'combating social exclusion', this redefinition implies more than a change from a 'negative' to a 'positive' formulation; it is a shift in paradigm. Secondly, we will focus on how certain forms of urban governance have shaped these programmes, their definition, their implementation and their successes and failures. Thirdly, we include a feedback loop into our analysis. The central question here is how the presence of these programmes has changed urban governance or even stimulated (new) forms of urban governance.

To answer these questions, we will undertake a multilevel research in 9 countries, 18 cities and 32 neighbourhoods. Although all neighbourhoods are participating in an urban development programme, their selection is such of that a sufficient range is obtained on a number of crucial variables, on top of that already guaranteed by the differences generated by national welfare states and urban governance types. On basis of a cross-evaluation by the project team, the programmes' effects on these neighbourhoods and their strengths and weaknesses will be assessed.

What are the results that we expect?
1. To increase our knowledge of the complicated relationships between urban development programmes, trends in social inclusion and sustainability (specified in terms of social cohesion), and the type of urban governance.
2. To identify the European dimension of urban social inclusion and urban governance, taking into account the dynamic relationship between national and local diversity and common European characteristics.
3. To construct a common framework for the analysis and evaluation of urban programmes and urban governance with the aim of strengthening their European dimension.

What is new in this project?
1. The development and use of a method of 'cross-evaluation' undertaken by a team of foreign experts, independent from but in close collaboration with local stakeholders.
2. Its comprehensive framework with its focus on the links between urban governance, social inclusion and sustainability.
3. Its intention to create a common database of quantitative and qualitative data that supersedes the level of a mere collection of national data.
4. The attention paid to (policy) innovation and institutional change provides us with an answer to contemporary key questions concerning the impact of social welfare provision by urban public authorities on inclusion and sustainability; in other words with the developing and functioning of a 'welfare city'. This could then result in the identification of successful types of 'urban governance', and to the construction of 'models of best examples'.
5. Its focus on how the implementation of new urban politics is a co-production of policy, integrated and partnership processes, network policy, etc. Are these new ways to construct urban governance systems?
6. Its truly European perspective. Indeed, the framework of the whole enterprise is determined by a genuine effort to treat national characteristics as specifications of a European approach. They are but one of the factors explaining the different forms of urban governance.

The scientific objectives of the project

The general aim of the project is to analyse the effects of different urban programmes on the promotion of social inclusion and sustainability. This implies the description and analysis of a set of specific relationships between social inclusion, sustainability and (types of) urban governance. It takes into account the characteristics of specific spatial and political contexts (neighbourhood, city, and state) and of different forms of urban programmes (their scope, objectives, and methods).

Therefore, a group of researchers from different European countries will evaluate a number of important urban programmes intended to alleviate the living conditions in deprived urban areas and to assess which type of urban governance is required to successfully achieve this task. The cases are selected on two criterions. First, the neighbourhood must be part of a programme to ameliorate the living conditions for its residents. Second, to minimise primary research, dataavailable, if possible for at least two points in time. The research will integrate multiple levels and will proceed from a comparative perspective, but focusing on the European dimensions.

In order to obtain comparable results, a special effort has been undertaken to develop a common framework. The central concepts of this framework are social inclusion, sustainability and urban governance.

The Swedish part of the project focuses on two housing estates each in Stockholm (Tensta and Husby) and Gothenburg (Hjällbo and Norra Biskopsgården). Lists of publications and much more information can be found at the project's homepage (see reference above). In the list of publications no. 27, 29, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 57 and 64 have relevance for this project.

RESTATE
Restructuring Large-scale Housing Estates in European Cities:
Good Practices and New Visions for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Cities
Contract No. EVK4-CT-2002-00085
Official homepage: www.restate.geog.uu.nl

This EU-funded project commenced November 1st 2002, and will run for three years. The Institute for Housing & Urban Research is one of twelve partners. Prof. Roger Andersson functions as a senior researcher, supervising the research in Stockholm. One more researcher (Irene Molina) and one assistant (Emma Holmqvist) take part in the project. The project has established an official homepage where results are made public.

Problems to be solved
Cities are the dynamos of the European economy, enabling the EU (and potential member states) to maintain a strong position in the global economy. When these cities contain large areas that are not faring well or, even worse, hinder the economy, it is important to find out how best to change these areas in order to remove the dysfunctional characteristics. Large-scale post-war housing estates can be seen as problematic areas in many cities all over Europe. Economic decline goes hand in hand with physical and social decline in these areas. The focus of this project is on the circumstances in these large post-war estates, on policies to counteract negative trends and on activities which stimulate positive developments. If the problems of these areas will not be solved they will increasingly hinder cities to function well in an economic sense.

Scientific objectives and approach
The project has the following objectives (1) to identify and to clarify the social and economic changes which have occurred in large post-war estates and particularly to identify general and specific factors influencing emerging problems and patterns of decline in these areas; (2) to develop a checklist of items that have proved to be important in successful and less successful policy responses with respect to these estates; (3) to draw conclusions about the potential for cross-national transfer of knowledge and experience and for co-operation in strategic planning for these areas and in area and estate management; (4) to produce a comprehensive handbook in which forward looking scenarios and new visions for large post-war estates in Europe will be coupled with examples of evidence based best practice to achieve sustainable future development of these areas; (5) to build an easy to use database for practitioners and researchers containing details of the nature, successes and failures of present policies aimed at improving the position of large post-war estates and their inhabitants; (6) to consider whether and how European level policy could contribute to more effective responses to problems associated with these estates. Methods used in the research are literature research, statistical overviews, interviews, a survey and discussion with urban representatives.

Expected impacts
The primary objective of RESTATE is to produce a comprehensive, evidence based handbook which draws on the experience in different European cities and sets out alternative, forward looking scenarios and new visions for large-scale post-WWII housing estates in Europe (East and West). This handbook will also set out best practices for future sustainable developments of these areas and for effective policy implementation. The results can be used by policy makers to find out in which context which measures have been and can expected to be successful with respect to improving large-scale housing estates in cities.

The following principal research question will be answered:

What structural and other factors explain why some large post-war estates are relatively successful and others are associated with a range of problems? How do current policies for these estates in different Western and Eastern European cities contribute to increasing social inclusion, social cohesion, sustainability, well-being, housing quality and access to services? How do these policies combat the negative aspects of the neighbourhoods (such as crime, poor environmental quality, run-down appearance, stigmatisation, increasing out-migration, residualisation of the housing stock, increasing conflicts between groups)? What are the main advantages and disadvantages associated with different policies? In what ways and under what circumstances can these policies be improved for future use in different kinds of Western and Eastern European cities? What forward looking scenarios and visions for these areas and the cities in which they are located can be formulated and how can policies contribute to achieving the most positive results?

The following cities are included in the project: Amsterdam (NL), Barcelona (ES), Berlin (GE), Birmingham (UK), Budapest (HU), Jönköping (S), Koper (SL), Ljubljana (SL), London (UK), Lyon (F), Madrid (ES), Milan (I), Stockholm (S), Utrecht (NL) and Warsaw (PL).
The Swedish cases are: Tensta and Kista in Stockholm and Råslätt and Oxnahaga in Jönköping.
The Restate reports will be published on the project's homepage. At the end of 2003, all national background reports were published and they are also available as printed versions (the Swedish report is no. 50 in the list of publications).

The consortium

The consortium comprises the following partners:
P1 Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Project Co-ordinator) (UUtrecht)
P2 IRS, Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning, Erkner, Germany (IRS)
P3 UMR 5600 "Environment-Ville-Société", Institute des Sciences de l'Homme, Lyon, France (ISH)
P4 Metropolitan Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary (MRI)
P5 Dipartimento di Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale, Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (UNI-BIC)
P6 AME Amsterdam study centre for the Metropolitan Environment, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (UvAmsterdam)
P7 Department of Urban and Population Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (IGSO)
P8 The Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UPIRS)
P9 Centre de Recerca en Economia del Benestar - Centre for Research in Welfare Economics (CREB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (BCN)
P10 Institute for Housing & Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (UUppsala)
P11 Department of Spatial Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden (BIT)
P12 Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (CURS)

Results

The Restate project has so far generated three research reports (no 50, 54 and 60) dealing with the Swedish case studies. Parallell reports exist for the other nine countries. In november 2005 an edited volume was published, containing four chapters with Swedish contributors (including 61, 62 and 64). More output will follow.